The role of parental scaffolding in the development of the executive functions of their sons or daughters

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53382/issn.2810-6369.26

Keywords:

Scaffolding, Executive functions, self -autoregulation

Abstract

Executive functions are essential for the development of self-regulation skills and socioemotional development. For this reason, it is important to know the factors that influence this process.  One of these elements is the parent-child interaction. This study describes the parents’ role in developing their children's executive functions. A theoretical revision was made around what is known as scaffolding, so we can think about how parents can facilitate executive functions through their interactions. In the studies that were revised, it was evidenced the importance of the relation between scaffolding and executive functions development, this is probably due to the role of the social context in children’s development. This is how strengthening parents' role in EF development through scaffolding could be integrated into occupational therapy interventions.

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436–438. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00075828

Aldrich, N. J., Chen, J., & Alfieri, L. (2021). Evaluating associations between parental mind-mindedness and children’s developmental capacities through meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 60, 100946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100946

Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child neuropsychology, 8(2), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724

Andrews, K., Atkinson, L., Harris, M., & Gonzalez, A. (2021). Examining the effects of household chaos on child executive functions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000311

Andrews, K., Dunn, J. R., Prime, H., Duku, E., Atkinson, L., Tiwari, A., & Gonzalez, A. (2021). Effects of household chaos and parental responsiveness on child executive functions: a novel, multi-method approach. BMC psychology, 9,1-14.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00651-1

Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschênes, M., & Matte-Gagné, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: A closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science, 15, 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x

Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self‐regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child development, 81(1), 326-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x

Bibok, M. B., Carpendale, J. I., & Müller, U. (2009). Parental scaffolding and the development of executive function. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2009(123), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.233

Castelo, R. J., Meuwissen, A. S., Distefano, R., McClelland, M. M., Galinsky, E., Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2022). Parent provision of choice is a key component of autonomy support in predicting child executive function skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 773492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773492

Cristofori, I., Cohen-Zimerman, S., & Grafman, J. (2019). Executive functions. Handbook of clinical neurology, 163, 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00011-2

Cuevas, K., Deater‐Deckard, K., Kim‐Spoon, J., Watson, A. J., Morasch, K. C., & Bell, M. A. (2014). What's mom got to do with it? Contributions of maternal executive function and caregiving to the development of executive function across early childhood. Developmental Science, 17(2), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12073

Cuevas, K., Deater-Deckard, K., Kim-Spoon, J., Wang, Z., Morasch, K. C., & Bell, M. A. (2014). A longitudinal intergenerational analysis of executive functions during early childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32, 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12021

Deshmukh, R. S., Pentimonti, J. M., Zucker, T. A., & Curry, B. (2022). Teachers’ use of scaffolds within conversations during shared book reading. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 53(1), 150-166. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_LSHSS-21-00020

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Diamond, A. (2020). Executive functions. In Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 173, pp. 225-240). Elsevier.

Deitcher, D. B., Aram, D., Khalaily-Shahadi, M., & Dwairy, M. (2021). Promoting preschoolers’ mental–emotional conceptualization and social understanding: A shared book-reading study. Early Education and Development, 32(4), 501–515. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10409289.2020.1772662

Doebel, S. (2020). Rethinking Executive Function and Its Development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4), 942-956. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620904771

Fiske, A., & Holmboe, K. (2019). Neural substrates of early executive function development. Developmental Review, 52, 42-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.100866

Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017). Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 86, 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023

Freis, S. M., Morrison, C. L., Lessem, J. M., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2022). Genetic and environmental influences on executive functions and intelligence in middle childhood. Developmental science, 25(1), e13150. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13150

Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychological bulletin, 134(1), 31. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31

Halse, M., Steinsbekk, S., Hammar, Å., Belsky, J., & Wichstrøm, L. (2019). Parental predictors of children's executive functioning from ages 6 to 10. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 410-426. Doi:10.1111/bjdp.12282

Hammond, S. I., Müller, U., Carpendale, J. I., Bibok, M. B., & Liebermann-Finestone, D. P. (2012). The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers' executive function. Developmental Psychology, 48(1), 271.

Hughes, C., & Devine, R. T. (2019). For better or for worse? Positive and negative parental influences on young children's executive function. Child development, 90(2), 593-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12915

Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. A. (2009). How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function? New directions for child and adolescent development, 2009(123), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.234

Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology review, 17(3), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z

Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self‐regulation in the first four years of life. Child development, 72(4), 1091-1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00336

Korzeniowski, C., Ison, M. S., & Difabio de Anglat, H. (2021). A summary of the developmental trajectory of executive functions from birth to adulthood. Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update: From Epistemology to Clinical Psychiatry–Vol. IV, 459-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_33#DOI

Ku, S., & Feng, X. (2021). Maternal depressive symptoms and the growth of child executive function: Mediation by maternal sensitivity. Journal of Family Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000832

Landry, S. H., Miller-Loncar, C. L., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2002). The role of early parenting in children's development of executive processes. Developmental neuropsychology, 21(1), 15-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN2101_2

Lowe, J. R., Hund, L., Rodriguez, D. E., Qamruddin, A., Leeman, L., Stephen, J. M., & Bakhireva, L. N. (2021). Maternal verbal scaffolding: association with higher language skills for 20-month-old children with prenatal polysubstance exposure. Early human development, 160, 105423. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105423

Marciszko, C., Forssman, L., Kenward, B., Lindskog, M., Fransson, M., & Gredebäck, G. (2020). The social foundation of executive function. Developmental Science, 23(3), e12924. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12924

Meins, E. (2016). Sensitive attunement to infants' internal states: Operationalizing the construct of mind-mindedness. In Maternal Sensitivity (pp. 82-102). Routledge.

Nelson, C. A., 3rd, & Gabard-Durnam, L. J. (2020). Early Adversity and Critical Periods: Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Violating the Expectable Environment. Trends in neurosciences, 43(3), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.002

Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual Research Review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 58(4), 361-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12675

Park, J. L., & Johnston, C. (2020). The relations among stress, executive functions, and harsh parenting in mothers. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 48(5), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00622-x

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and psychopathology, 12(3), 427-441. Cambridge University press

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516

Regueiro, S., Matte-Gagné, C., & Bernier, A. (2022). Paternal mind-mindedness and child executive functioning in the kindergarten classroom. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.07.007

Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I. (2011). Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation in Early Life. Emotion Review, 3(2), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910387943

Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavati, E., Rashid, M. H. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021). Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/23982128211007769

Salonen, P., Lepola, J., & Vauras, M. (2007). Scaffolding interaction in parent-child dyads: Multimodal analysis of parental scaffolding with task and non-task oriented children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173690

Sarma, U. A., & Mariam Thomas, T. (2020). Breaking the limits of executive functions: Towards a sociocultural perspective. Culture & Psychology, 26(3), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X19898673

Shvarts, A., & Bakker, A. (2019). The early history of the scaffolding metaphor: Bernstein, Luria, Vygotsky, and before. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 26(1), 4-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2019.1574306

Sosic-Vasic, Z., Kröner, J., Schneider, S., Vasic, N., Spitzer, M., & Streb, J. (2017). The association between parenting behavior and executive functioning in children and young adolescents. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00472

Thompson, A., & Steinbeis, N. (2020). Sensitive periods in executive function development. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 36, 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.08.001

Tooley, U. A., Bassett, D. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2021). Environmental influences on the pace of brain development. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(6), 372-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00457-5

Valcan, D. S., Davis, H., & Pino-Pasternak, D. (2018). Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 607-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9411-9

Zelazo, P. D. (2004). The development of conscious control in childhood. Trends in cognitive sciences, 8(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.001

Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2020). The neurodevelopment of executive function skills: Implications for academic achievement gaps. Psychology & Neuroscience, 13(3), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000208

Downloads

Published

2024-12-31

Issue

Section

Dossier

How to Cite

Mira, A., & Smith, C. (2024). The role of parental scaffolding in the development of the executive functions of their sons or daughters. Relatos Journal, 3, 6-19. https://doi.org/10.53382/issn.2810-6369.26

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.